I love healthy dinners, but I’ve never been very interested in meals that taste like I’m trying to be healthy. If dinner leaves me thinking about the cheesy casserole or crispy takeout I could have eaten instead, it probably isn’t going to earn a regular spot in my kitchen. That’s one reason I use my air fryer so much. It gives chicken, potatoes, vegetables, fish, and even meatballs those browned edges and crisp surfaces that make dinner feel satisfying without requiring a skillet full of oil.
The trick, at least for me, is not trying to turn every comfort food into some unrecognizable “healthy” version. I’d rather start with familiar ingredients and make a few sensible changes: leaner proteins, plenty of vegetables, lighter breading, modest amounts of cheese, and just enough oil to encourage browning. I also looked at the kinds of healthy air fryer recipes people are actively saving on Pinterest, where familiar ideas such as salmon, turkey meatballs, zucchini fries, chicken fajitas, sweet potato fries, and stuffed peppers continue to show up. (Pinterest) These 25 recipes stay in that lane—recognizable, practical food that I would actually want to make on a weeknight.
1. Crispy Air Fryer Chicken Tenders
Chicken tenders are one of the first things I think of when I want comfort food without making dinner unnecessarily heavy. I use chicken tenderloins and coat them lightly in seasoned whole-wheat panko rather than building a thick fried coating. A little garlic powder, smoked paprika, onion powder, black pepper, and salt gives the crumbs plenty of flavor. I dip the chicken in beaten egg, press it into the crumbs, mist the pieces lightly with olive or avocado oil, and air fry at about 400°F until the outside is crisp and the center reaches 165°F.
What makes these work for me is the contrast. The coating gets crunchy while the chicken stays juicy, so they still scratch that fried-chicken itch. I serve them with roasted vegetables, a chopped salad, corn, or air-fried potato wedges and usually make a quick dipping sauce from Greek yogurt, Dijon mustard, and a little honey. That small swap gives me the creamy dipping-sauce experience without needing a large amount of mayonnaise.
2. Juicy Garlic Paprika Chicken Breast
Air fryer chicken breast sounds almost too basic for a comfort-food list, but a properly cooked chicken breast is completely different from the dry meal-prep chicken I think most of us have encountered. I rub boneless chicken breasts with a small amount of olive oil, garlic powder, smoked paprika, oregano, salt, and pepper. If the breasts are very thick, I pound them to a more even thickness first. They cook more evenly that way and I’m much less likely to dry out the thinner end while waiting for the center to finish.
I usually air fry them around 375°F, flipping once, and rely on a thermometer rather than guessing from the clock. Once the thickest part reaches 165°F, I let the chicken rest before slicing. Pinterest is full of air-fryer chicken-breast methods built around keeping the meat juicy, which is exactly why I think this deserves a place here. (Pinterest) Serve it over mashed potatoes and green beans when you want comfort, or slice it over a grain bowl when you want something lighter.
3. Air Fryer Turkey Meatballs
Turkey meatballs are one of my favorite ways to make a cozy meatball dinner feel a little lighter without sacrificing the part I actually care about: a tender center and deeply browned exterior. I combine lean ground turkey with an egg, whole-wheat breadcrumbs, grated Parmesan, minced garlic, parsley, Italian seasoning, salt, and pepper. The important part is mixing gently. Ground turkey can become dense surprisingly quickly if it is packed and worked too aggressively.
I roll the mixture into evenly sized balls, mist the basket lightly, and cook them until browned and cooked through. The circulating heat gives them much more surface color than I get from simply baking them. Air fryer turkey meatballs are also well represented in current Pinterest results, including traditional and zucchini-enhanced versions. (Pinterest) I like mine with marinara and whole-grain spaghetti, but they’re equally useful tucked into a warm pita or served beside roasted vegetables.
4. Parmesan Crusted Air Fryer Salmon
Salmon already has enough natural richness that it doesn’t need much help to feel comforting. I brush a salmon fillet with a thin layer of Dijon mustard, then press on a mixture of Parmesan, whole-wheat panko, garlic, parsley, and black pepper. A quick mist of oil helps the topping brown. The air fryer cooks the fish quickly while turning that thin Parmesan layer golden and crisp.
I especially like this on nights when I’m tempted to order something because it feels more substantial than plain baked fish but takes very little effort. The salmon stays moist underneath while the Parmesan gives every bite a salty, savory finish. Healthy air fryer salmon remains a common Pinterest recipe theme, from straightforward seasoned fillets to glazed variations. (Pinterest) I usually serve mine with broccoli and a small baked potato or brown rice.
5. Crispy Sweet Potato Fries
Sweet potato fries are a perfect example of why I like the air fryer. I can get caramelized edges and a crisp exterior without submerging anything in oil. I cut sweet potatoes into fairly even sticks, toss them with a small amount of olive oil, smoked paprika, garlic powder, pepper, and salt, then arrange them in a loose layer. Overcrowding is the quickest way I know to turn fries into steamed potatoes, so I would rather cook two batches than pile everything together.
I shake the basket a couple of times while they cook and give them another minute or two if the edges need more color. Air fryer sweet potato fries are also an established healthy-air-fryer favorite on Pinterest. (Pinterest) They’re naturally sweeter and softer inside than white-potato fries, and I love that with a smoky yogurt dipping sauce made from Greek yogurt, lime, paprika, and a pinch of salt.
6. Air Fryer Chicken Parmesan
Chicken Parmesan can become very heavy when the chicken is deep-fried and then buried under cheese. I keep the recognizable parts and simply scale them differently. Thin chicken cutlets get a light coating of egg and seasoned panko mixed with Parmesan. I air fry them until crisp, spoon a modest amount of marinara over each piece, add mozzarella, and return them to the basket just long enough for the cheese to melt.
The result still gives me crispy chicken, tomato sauce, Parmesan, and stretchy mozzarella in the same forkful. That matters because I don’t want a healthy version that merely shares a name with the original. I usually serve this with garlicky green beans, roasted broccoli, or a small portion of whole-grain pasta. It feels like a Sunday-style dinner but is practical enough for a Tuesday night.
7. Air Fryer Stuffed Bell Peppers
Stuffed peppers have always felt like complete comfort food to me because everything is packed into one warm little package. I use bell peppers filled with lean ground turkey or lean beef, cooked brown rice, onion, garlic, diced tomatoes, Italian seasoning, and a modest amount of shredded cheese. I give the pepper halves a short head start in the air fryer before adding the filling so I don’t end up with hot filling inside an almost-raw pepper.
Once stuffed, they go back into the fryer until the peppers are tender and the filling is piping hot. I finish them with cheese during the final few minutes so it melts without becoming tough. Air fryer stuffed peppers are easy to find among healthy air fryer ideas on Pinterest, which makes sense—they naturally combine vegetables, protein, and grains in a familiar format. (Pinterest Australia) Leftovers also reheat surprisingly well.
8. Crispy Air Fryer Fish Tacos
Fish tacos are one of those meals where texture makes all the difference. I cut a firm white fish such as cod into pieces and coat it lightly with seasoned panko. A little cumin, paprika, garlic powder, lime zest, salt, and pepper keeps the flavor bright. After a light oil spray, the fish goes into a hot air fryer until the crumbs are crisp and the fish flakes easily.
I tuck the pieces into warm corn tortillas with shredded cabbage, pico de gallo, avocado, cilantro, and a lime-Greek-yogurt sauce. It gives me the crunchy fish-taco experience without relying on deep frying or a very heavy crema. Air fryer fish tacos with cilantro-lime slaw are already a recognizable Pinterest recipe rather than an unusual mash-up. (Pinterest) This is one healthy dinner I can serve without feeling the need to explain that it is “the lighter version.”
9. Air Fryer Chicken Fajitas
Chicken fajitas are almost made for an air fryer. I slice chicken breast, bell peppers, and onions into strips, then toss everything with a small amount of oil, chili powder, cumin, paprika, garlic powder, oregano, salt, pepper, and lime. The hot circulating air browns the chicken while blistering the edges of the peppers and onions, giving the mixture some of that skillet-fajita character.
I serve the fajitas with warm tortillas and put the extras on the table—salsa, avocado, cilantro, lime wedges, Greek yogurt, and shredded lettuce. That lets everyone build a dinner that suits them without me turning the basic recipe into something complicated. Air-fried chicken fajitas also appear repeatedly in Pinterest recipe results. (Pinterest) For meal prep, I particularly like the leftovers over brown rice with black beans.
10. Crispy Air Fryer Zucchini Fries
Zucchini fries can be disappointing when they’re limp, which is why I don’t skip the breading. I cut zucchini into thick sticks, pat them very dry, dip them in egg, and coat them in a mixture of panko, Parmesan, Italian seasoning, garlic powder, and pepper. The pieces need a little breathing room in the basket so moisture can escape instead of collecting around them.
Once the crumbs are golden, I serve the fries immediately with warm marinara or a yogurt-herb dip. This is not one of those vegetable substitutions where I pretend zucchini tastes exactly like a potato. It doesn’t. What it does give me is a hot, cheesy, crunchy snack with a juicy center, and that is satisfying in its own way. Zucchini fries are especially visible among healthy air fryer recipes on Pinterest. (Pinterest)
11. Air Fryer Garlic Parmesan Potato Wedges
I don’t think potatoes need to disappear from a healthy dinner. How I cook them and what I serve alongside them matters much more to me. For these wedges, I scrub russet or Yukon Gold potatoes, cut them into even wedges, and toss them with a little olive oil, garlic powder, paprika, pepper, and salt. I arrange them with enough space for air to circulate and shake the basket partway through cooking.
When the wedges are browned and fluffy inside, I toss them with a small amount of finely grated Parmesan and chopped parsley. That last step makes them taste much more indulgent than the ingredient list suggests. I serve them beside grilled-style chicken, turkey burgers, fish, or a big chopped salad. They’re especially useful when I want the satisfaction of fries but also want something substantial enough to round out dinner.
12. Air Fryer Shrimp with Garlic and Lemon
Shrimp is one of my favorite emergency dinners because it cooks before I have time to reconsider and order takeout. I toss peeled shrimp with a small amount of olive oil, minced garlic, smoked paprika, black pepper, salt, and lemon zest. They only need a short trip through a hot air fryer, so I stay close—the difference between juicy shrimp and rubbery shrimp can be a couple of minutes.
Once they’re cooked, I squeeze fresh lemon over everything and add parsley. Pinterest results also show air fryer shrimp positioned as a quick, protein-rich meal. (Pinterest) I serve it with rice and vegetables, pile it into tacos, or spoon it over a garlicky white-bean salad. The flavor is buttery and comforting even without actually needing much butter.
13. Air Fryer Buffalo Chicken Bites
When I want buffalo chicken, I’m usually after the spicy sauce, crisp edges, and creamy dip more than I’m after deep frying. I cut chicken breast into bite-sized pieces, season them, and give them a thin panko coating before air frying until crisp. Then I toss the hot chicken with buffalo sauce rather than soaking it before cooking, which helps preserve the crunchy surface.
For dipping, I mix Greek yogurt with a little blue cheese, lemon juice, black pepper, and garlic powder. That still gives me the tangy, creamy contrast that makes buffalo chicken so good. Add celery, carrots, and perhaps a baked potato on the side and it becomes a proper dinner instead of party food pretending to be dinner.
14. Air Fryer Pork Chops with Herbs
Pork chops can be both lean and comforting when they’re cooked carefully. I prefer center-cut loin chops and rub them with olive oil, garlic powder, smoked paprika, thyme, onion powder, pepper, and salt. I let them sit briefly while the air fryer preheats, then cook them until the center reaches a safe temperature rather than leaving them in until they look unquestionably done.
That temperature-first approach makes an enormous difference because overcooked pork is difficult to rescue. Healthy air fryer pork chops are also represented in Pinterest search results, so this is another familiar dinner rather than an experimental idea. (Pinterest) I like them with mashed sweet potato and green beans, especially when I want the feeling of a classic meat-and-potatoes dinner.
15. Air Fryer Baked Potatoes with Greek Yogurt
A baked potato is one of the simplest comfort foods I know, and the air fryer gives the skin an especially good texture. I scrub russet potatoes, dry them thoroughly, rub the skins with just a little oil and salt, and air fry until the outside is crisp and a knife slides easily through the center. Pinterest searches show this crisp-outside, fluffy-inside air fryer potato format is still a popular easy-dinner idea. (Pinterest)
For the filling, I fluff the potato and add Greek yogurt, chopped chives, black pepper, and a small amount of sharp cheddar. Sometimes I add steamed broccoli or leftover shredded chicken and turn one potato into the entire meal. Using a strongly flavored cheese helps because I need much less of it to make the potato taste cheesy and satisfying.
16. Crispy Air Fryer Chickpeas
I keep canned chickpeas around because they can become either part of dinner or something crunchy to snack on. For the air fryer, I drain and rinse them, dry them extremely well, then toss them with a little olive oil, smoked paprika, cumin, garlic powder, salt, and pepper. Drying them is the step I never rush because surface moisture works against crispness.
Once they’re crunchy, I scatter them over salads, grain bowls, creamy soups, or roasted vegetables. They can also replace croutons when I want crunch plus a little more protein and fiber. Air fryer chickpeas show up within healthy air fryer collections on Pinterest as well. (Pinterest) I make only what I’ll use fairly soon because they’re at their best when freshly crisp.
17. Air Fryer Broccoli with Parmesan
Broccoli becomes much more interesting to me when the florets have browned, almost charred little edges. I toss dry broccoli florets with olive oil, garlic, pepper, and a pinch of salt, then air fry them in a single loose layer. I don’t want the florets wet when they go in because I’m looking for roasting rather than steaming.
When the broccoli comes out, I add lemon juice and a light shower of Parmesan. It is simple, but it hits salty, savory, crisp, and fresh all at once. I’ll eat it beside chicken or salmon, but I also use it in grain bowls with brown rice, chickpeas, and yogurt sauce. This is the kind of healthy recipe that works for me because I’m not asking a vegetable to imitate something else—I’m simply making the vegetable taste better.
18. Air Fryer Green Beans with Garlic
Green beans are another vegetable that benefits enormously from a little browning. I toss trimmed beans with olive oil, garlic powder, black pepper, and salt, then air fry until they’re tender with blistered spots. They cook quickly, so this is often the side dish I start after the main course is already underway.
Pinterest also has plenty of straightforward air fryer green bean ideas, including versions positioned as quick healthy sides. (Pinterest) I like finishing mine with lemon and a few toasted almonds or a little Parmesan. The beans retain some bite rather than turning soft and waterlogged, which makes them much easier to get excited about on a weeknight plate.
19. Air Fryer Turkey Burgers
Turkey burgers get a bad reputation because badly made ones can be dry enough to require half a bottle of sauce. I season lean ground turkey with Worcestershire sauce, garlic, onion powder, paprika, pepper, and salt and form the patties without compressing them too firmly. A little moisture and gentle handling go a long way here.
I air fry the patties until they reach 165°F and add a thin slice of cheese during the last minute if I want a cheeseburger. Then I build them on whole-grain buns with lettuce, tomato, pickles, onion, and mustard. This still feels like burger night, especially with air fryer potato wedges beside it, but the meal is easy to balance with vegetables and a lean protein.
20. Air Fryer Chicken and Vegetable Quesadillas
Quesadillas are comfort food I can make healthier without taking away the cheese, which is important because a cheeseless quesadilla is not a compromise I find particularly convincing. I fill a whole-wheat tortilla with shredded cooked chicken, sautéed peppers, onions, a modest amount of shredded cheese, and a spoonful of salsa. I fold it tightly and air fry until the tortilla is crisp and the cheese has melted.
I cut the quesadilla into wedges and serve it with pico de gallo, avocado, shredded lettuce, and Greek yogurt. The vegetables and chicken bulk up the filling so cheese isn’t doing all the work. I also like this as a leftover strategy: one small container of chicken and half a bell pepper suddenly becomes a dinner people are actually pleased to see.
21. Air Fryer Cauliflower Bites
Cauliflower is at its best when I stop trying to convince myself it is a replacement for chicken and simply treat it like a vegetable worth seasoning properly. I break a head into medium florets, toss them with olive oil, smoked paprika, garlic powder, onion powder, salt, and pepper, then air fry until the edges become dark and crisp.
For a more comfort-food-style version, I add a light dusting of Parmesan near the end or toss the cooked florets in a modest amount of buffalo sauce. Crispy air fryer cauliflower is well established enough that Pinterest even turns it into variations such as cauliflower hash browns. (Pinterest) I like these bites with yogurt ranch, and they also make a surprisingly good filling for grain bowls.
22. Air Fryer Zucchini Boats
Zucchini boats are especially useful when I want a vegetable-heavy dinner that still feels warm, cheesy, and substantial. I halve zucchini lengthwise, scoop out some of the center, and give the shells a short head start in the air fryer. Meanwhile, I combine lean ground turkey with garlic, onion, marinara, Italian seasoning, and some of the chopped zucchini flesh.
I spoon that mixture back into the shells, top each one with a little mozzarella and Parmesan, and air fry again until the zucchini is tender and the cheese bubbles. I like that this tastes like something in the lasagna-and-stuffed-shells family without trying to recreate either dish exactly. Add crusty whole-grain bread or a simple side salad and dinner feels complete.
23. Air Fryer Egg and Vegetable Bites
Egg bites are convenient for breakfast, but I also make them when I need something I can grab for lunch. I whisk eggs with a spoonful of cottage cheese, which makes the texture softer and adds protein, then stir in finely chopped spinach, bell pepper, scallions, and a little shredded cheddar. The mixture goes into silicone molds that fit inside my air fryer.
I cook them gently until the centers are just set rather than deeply browned. Once cooled, they store well in the refrigerator and reheat quickly. I usually pair two or three with fruit and whole-grain toast in the morning, or with a salad at lunch. They’re comforting in the same way a warm omelet is, just far easier to prepare ahead.
24. Air Fryer Apple Crisp
Healthy comfort food should leave room for dessert, and apple crisp is one of the easiest desserts to lighten without making it strange. I toss chopped apples with cinnamon, a little maple syrup, lemon juice, and a small amount of cornstarch. For the topping, I combine rolled oats, chopped walnuts or pecans, whole-wheat flour, cinnamon, and just enough butter or coconut oil to create crumbs.
I divide everything between small air-fryer-safe ramekins and cook until the apples are tender and the oat topping is golden. The portioned format is useful because I get a warm dessert without accidentally making a giant pan of crisp for two people. I like it with a spoonful of Greek yogurt or a small scoop of vanilla ice cream. The point isn’t to remove every indulgent element; it’s to make dessert satisfying without making it excessive.
25. Air Fryer Mini Turkey Meatloaves
Meatloaf might be one of the clearest examples of comforting food, and mini versions work particularly well in the air fryer. I combine lean ground turkey with finely diced onion, an egg, oats or whole-wheat breadcrumbs, Worcestershire sauce, garlic, parsley, pepper, and salt. Instead of making one large loaf, I shape several small ones so they cook faster and develop more browned surface area.
I brush the tops with a simple glaze of tomato sauce or ketchup, Dijon mustard, and just a touch of maple syrup, then air fry until the centers reach 165°F. I serve them with mashed potatoes or mashed cauliflower and green beans when I want a familiar home-style dinner. Because they’re individually portioned, leftovers are easy to pack for lunch and reheat without slicing a cold meatloaf.
FAQs About Healthy Air Fryer Recipes
Are air fryer recipes actually healthier than deep-fried recipes?
They certainly can be. The biggest practical difference is that an air fryer can create a browned, crisp exterior with a small amount of oil rather than requiring food to be submerged in it. That makes recipes such as chicken tenders, fish, potato wedges, and zucchini fries particularly useful when I want fried-style texture with less added oil.
That doesn’t automatically make everything cooked in an air fryer healthy, though. I still pay attention to the ingredients, portion size, breading, sauces, cheese, and what I serve alongside the main dish. I think of the air fryer as a cooking tool, not a nutritional guarantee.
What are the healthiest foods to cook in an air fryer?
I get the most mileage from lean proteins and vegetables. Chicken breast, turkey meatballs, salmon, shrimp, white fish, broccoli, green beans, zucchini, cauliflower, peppers, chickpeas, and sweet potatoes all work especially well because the air fryer can develop flavor through browning without needing much oil.
I also find it useful for foods that need texture. A vegetable I might find boring when steamed can be completely different once its edges are roasted and crisp. That makes the appliance helpful not just for lowering oil but for making simple whole foods more appealing.
Can I use olive oil in an air fryer?
Yes. I use olive oil frequently, particularly when I’m cooking at moderate air-fryer temperatures. I usually need only enough to coat the surface of the food lightly. For recipes where I’m using very high heat, avocado oil is another convenient option.
What I avoid is pouring oil into the basket as though the machine were a deep fryer. A light coating or mist is generally enough to promote browning. Too much oil can actually make breaded food feel greasy instead of crisp.
How do I keep air fryer chicken from drying out?
My most useful tool is an instant-read thermometer. Cooking time can change depending on the thickness of the chicken, whether it started refrigerator-cold, and the particular air fryer being used. I would much rather check the temperature than keep cooking chicken simply because a recipe gave me a fixed number of minutes.
For chicken breast, I also try to make the pieces relatively even in thickness. After cooking, I give the meat a few minutes to rest before slicing it. Those two habits have done more for my air fryer chicken than any complicated marinade.
Why isn’t my air fryer food getting crispy?
Overcrowding is usually the first thing I check. An air fryer needs moving hot air around the food. When I pile zucchini, potatoes, chicken, or vegetables into a deep layer, trapped moisture encourages steaming instead of browning.
Surface moisture matters too. I pat vegetables and proteins dry when appropriate, especially zucchini and chickpeas. For breaded foods, a light oil mist can also help the crumbs brown. Sometimes two properly cooked batches are simply better than one overcrowded batch.
Do I need to preheat an air fryer?
It depends on the machine, but I often preheat for recipes where immediate high heat helps create a crust. Chicken tenders, fish, fries, meatballs, and vegetables tend to benefit from going into an already-hot basket.
For gentler recipes such as egg bites, preheating matters less to me. I always check the instructions for the particular air fryer because machines vary considerably in size, power, and how quickly they heat.
Can healthy air fryer recipes work for meal prep?
Absolutely. Turkey meatballs, chicken breast, pork chops, stuffed peppers, turkey meatloaves, egg bites, and chicken fajitas are some of my favorites for preparing ahead. I store the components separately when possible so sauces and moist vegetables don’t soften anything that I want to stay crisp.
For reheating, I often return cooked chicken or potatoes to the air fryer for a few minutes rather than microwaving them. It brings back some of the texture that made the food enjoyable the first time.
What should I serve with healthy air fryer dinners?
I usually think in threes: protein, vegetable, and something satisfying such as potatoes, brown rice, quinoa, beans, or whole-grain bread. That keeps me from making a supposedly healthy dinner that is so light I’m hungry again an hour later.
For example, I might serve Parmesan salmon with broccoli and potatoes, turkey meatballs with whole-grain pasta and salad, or chicken fajitas with black beans and avocado. Healthy food still needs to feel like dinner.
Can I make comfort food in the air fryer without breading everything?
Definitely. Browning alone creates a surprising amount of comfort-food appeal. Salmon, pork chops, chicken breast, fajita vegetables, baked potatoes, broccoli, and green beans all develop savory roasted flavors without breading.
When I do use breadcrumbs, I don’t consider that a failure either. A thin layer of panko on chicken or fish can make a meal dramatically more satisfying while still using far less coating and oil than traditional deep frying.
What is the biggest mistake beginners make with healthy air fryer recipes?
For me, it’s expecting the air fryer to fix an under-seasoned recipe. Crisp food without enough salt, acidity, herbs, or spices is still bland food. Healthy cooking becomes much easier when I use seasoning confidently rather than relying on fat alone for flavor.
The other mistake is treating every air fryer like it cooks identically. They don’t. I use recipe times as a starting point and then watch the food, shake or turn it when needed, and check meat with a thermometer. Once I learned my own machine, air fryer dinners became much more predictable.
Final Thought
The healthy air fryer recipes I come back to aren’t the ones trying hardest to prove they’re healthy. They’re chicken tenders with a genuinely crisp coating, potatoes with browned edges, juicy salmon, cheesy stuffed peppers, warm meatloaf, crunchy fish tacos, and vegetables I actually look forward to eating. That is what makes them sustainable for me. I’m not sitting at dinner comparing my plate with the comfort food I really wanted because the meal already feels comforting.
If I were starting with only a few recipes from this list, I’d choose the crispy chicken tenders, turkey meatballs, Parmesan salmon, chicken fajitas, stuffed peppers, and sweet potato fries. They cover enough different flavors that the air fryer doesn’t become a one-recipe appliance, and they’re all realistic enough for an ordinary weeknight. Once those become familiar, it’s easy to use the same basic techniques—good seasoning, a little oil, enough basket space, and careful cooking times—to make dozens of healthier meals without giving up the crispy, warm, satisfying food that made me want dinner in the first place.


